Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst

Over a decade in the making, this game-changing book is Robert Sapolsky’s genre-shattering attempt to respond to that question as fully as perhaps only he could, taking a look at it from every angle. Sapolsky’s storytelling concept is delightful but it also has a powerful intrinsic logic: he starts by taking a look at the factors that bear on a person’s reaction in the precise moment a behavior occurs, and then hops back in time from there, in stages, in the long run ending up at the deep history of our species and its genetic inheritance.

And so the first category of explanation is the neurobiological one. What goes on in a person’s brain a second before the behavior happens? Then he pulls out to a somewhat larger field of vision, a little earlier in time: What sight, sound, or smell triggers the nervous system to produce that behavior? And then, what hormones act hours to days earlier to change how responsive that individual is to the stimuli which trigger the nervous system? By now, he has increased our field of vision so that we are thinking about neurobiology and the sensory world of our environment and endocrinology in trying to provide an explanation for what happened.

Sapolsky keeps going–next to what features of the environment affected that person’s brain, and then back to the childhood of the individual, and then to their genetic makeup. In spite of everything, he expands the view to encompass factors larger than that one individual. How culture has shaped that individual’s group, what ecological factors helped shape that culture, and on and on, back to evolutionary factors thousands and even millions of years old.

The result is likely one of the most dazzling tours de horizon of the science of human behavior ever attempted, a majestic synthesis that harvests state-of-the-art research across a range of disciplines to provide a subtle and nuanced perspective on why we in the long run do the things we do…for good and for ill. Sapolsky builds on this understanding to wrestle with some of our deepest and thorniest questions in relation to tribalism and xenophobia, hierarchy and competition, morality and free will, and war and peace. Wise, humane, steadily very funny, Behave is a towering achievement, powerfully humanizing, and downright heroic in its own right.